Kasparov first began the serious study of chess after he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution. Kasparov has described himself as a "self-appointed Christian", although "very indifferent". His father, Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein, was Russian Jewish, and his mother, Klara Shagenovna Gasparian, was Armenian. Kasparov at age 11, Vilnius, 1974 Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Russian: Гарик Вайнштейн) in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR (now Azerbaijan), Soviet Union. In 2014 he obtained Croatian citizenship. He is currently chairman for the Human Rights Foundation and chairs its International Council. The political climate in Russia reportedly makes it difficult for opposition candidates to organize. Although he is widely regarded in the West as a symbol of opposition to Putin, he was barred from the presidential ballot. Kasparov blamed "official obstruction" for the lack of available space. In 2008, he announced an intention to run as a candidate in the 2008 Russian presidential race, but failure to find a sufficiently large rental space to assemble the number of supporters that is legally required to endorse such a candidacy led him to withdraw. He formed the United Civil Front movement, and joined as a member of The Other Russia, a coalition opposing the administration and policies of Vladimir Putin. Kasparov announced his retirement from professional chess on 10 March 2005, after which he devoted his time to politics and writing. He continued to hold the "Classical" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. In 1997 he became the first world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls, when he lost to the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue in a highly publicized match. He held the official FIDE world title until 1993, when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association. Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at age 22 by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov. Kasparov also holds records for consecutive professional tournament victories (15) and Chess Oscars (11). His peak rating of 2851, achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013. From 1986 until his retirement in 2005, Kasparov was ranked world No. Garry Kimovich Kasparov (Russian: Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров, Russian pronunciation: born Garik Kimovich Weinstein, 13 April 1963) is a Russian chess Grandmaster, former World Chess Champion, writer, and political activist, considered by many to be the greatest chess player of all time.
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